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Douglas Peifer is a professor of history and strategy at the U.S. Air War College. He is the author of "Choosing War: Presidential Decisions in the Maine, Lusitania, and Panay Incidents" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Air War College, the U.S. Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. government agency.